
Norton Commander는 1986년 DOS용 파일 관리자로 출시돼 두 개의 패널, 기능키 중심 조작, 사용자 메뉴와 파일 확장자별 실행 설정을 한데 제공했다. Softpanorama에 실린 니콜라이 베즈루코프(Nikolai Bezroukov)의 역사 정리는 1984년 개발 착수부터 1999년 마지막 Windows판까지의 변화를 추적하며, 특히 2.0과 3.0이 만든 기능과 이후 Symantec의 방향 전환을 다룬다.
존 소카(John Socha)가 개발을 시작한 프로그램의 초기 이름은 VDOS(Visual DOS)였다. 1986년 1.0판은 C와 어셈블리를 함께 사용해 만들었으며, 상단 메뉴는 없었지만 두 패널과 F1~F10 기능키, 내장 편집기와 뷰어, 파일 확장자에 따라 프로그램을 연결하는 NC.EXT, 사용자 명령을 등록하는 NC.MNU를 갖췄다. 당시 DOS에서 파일을 다루는 다른 프로그램이 여럿 있었고, XTree는 Norton Commander보다 먼저 출시돼 초기 리뷰에서 앞섰다.
1988년 나온 2.0판은 상단 메뉴와 드라이브 선택, 파일 찾기, 명령줄 기록, 디렉터리 트리 보기와 비교 기능을 더했다. 글은 이 버전이 Norton Utilities의 디렉터리 탐색 도구 NCD의 영향을 받았으며, 기능 면에서 이후 정통 파일 관리자의 주요 요소를 갖추기 시작했다고 설명한다. 1989년 3.0판에는 하이퍼텍스트 도움말, 파일을 이동하며 내용을 확인하는 빠른 보기, 직렬 포트를 통한 두 컴퓨터 간 통신 기능, 별이 뜨는 화면 보호기가 추가됐다. 글은 3.0을 Norton Commander의 전성기를 대표하는 버전으로 평가한다.
Symantec이 Peter Norton Computing을 인수한 뒤 개발 인력이 Windows 제품으로 옮겨가면서 DOS판의 다음 주요 업데이트까지 공백이 생겼다. 1992년 출시된 4.0판은 50종이 넘는 파일 형식 보기, 압축 파일 지원, PC 간 전송과 메일 기능 등을 내세웠다. 그러나 글은 메모리 사용량 증가와 초기 버전의 버그, 무료 복제판인 Volkov Commander와 DN의 경쟁을 약점으로 들며, 4.0이 이전 버전의 위상을 되찾지 못했다고 평가한다.
1993년 5.0판은 압축 파일 내부를 디렉터리처럼 살펴보는 기능과 검색 결과를 별도 패널로 다루는 기능, 디렉터리 동기화와 파일 필터 등을 더했다. 글은 이 기능들이 이후 정통 파일 관리자 설계에 영향을 줬다고 본다. 1998년 5.5판은 긴 파일 이름 지원과 드래그 앤 드롭, 네트워크 도구, 파일 분할·병합, 중복 파일 검색 등을 추가했지만 DOS 프로그램의 상업적 인기가 이미 줄어든 뒤였다. 글은 Symantec이 명령줄 버전을 32비트 환경으로 전환하지 않은 점이 이후 FAR 같은 대안의 성장에 유리하게 작용했다고 주장한다.
Norton Commander의 DOS판은 1999년 5.51을 끝으로 이어지지 않았다. Windows판은 1996년 처음 나왔고 1999년 2.01이 마지막 버전이 됐다. OS/2판도 출시됐지만 인기를 얻지 못했다. 이 글은 개발사의 Windows 전환이 사업적으로는 합리적인 선택이었다는 전 Peter Norton Group 개발자 마크 로울리어(Mark Lowlier)의 설명도 전하면서, DOS판을 현대화하지 않은 결정이 기존 이용자층을 놓친 원인이었다는 관점을 함께 제시한다.
부록: 원문 예시
doc: word !
bak: word !.!
wks: \ver1a\123
wk?: \ver2_0\123
xtk: !:xtalk !
dbf: !\dbase !
: type !
asm: pe !.!
*: rem no run file for this extension
Volume in drive A is NC 2.01
Volume Serial Number is FA00-0000
Directory of a:\
1988-09-16 14:01 2804 NCSMALL.EXE
1988-09-16 14:01 98362 NC.EXE
1988-09-16 14:01 31192 123VIEW.EXE
1988-09-16 14:01 38614 DBVIEW.EXE
1988-09-16 14:01 577 READ.ME
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> DEMO
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> SAMPLES
5 File(s) 171549 bytes
Directory of a:\DEMO
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> .
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> ..
1988-09-16 14:01 59250 NG-DEMO.EXE
1988-09-16 14:01 50703 _FILE_0.DBD
2 File(s) 109953 bytes
Directory of a:\SAMPLES
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> .
1988-09-16 14:01 <DIR> ..
1988-09-16 14:01 1390 NC.EXT
1988-09-16 14:01 1051 NC.MNU
1988-09-16 14:01 6321 REALLIST.WK1
1988-09-16 14:01 3826 REALLIST.DBF
4 File(s) 12588 bytes
Total Files Listed:
11 File(s) 294090 bytes
6 Dir(s) 60416 bytes free
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'
' This is a sample NC.EXT file, which you can customize for your own '
' date files. '
' '
' Point & Shoot refers to what happens when you move the cursor bar to '
' a file name and press the key (or double-click with the '
' mouse). You can set up the Commander, using this file, to start '
' a program and load the file under the cursor bar. '
' '
' The apostrophe is used to add remarks (like this). The Norton '
' Commander will ignore lines that start with an apostrophe. '
' '
' Below are some typical examples of Point & Shoot. '
' '
' Note: if two extensions appear more than once (such as 'doc' in this '
' file) the first one will be used. '
' '
' You can have up to 25 extensions defined in this file. '
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'
'
'dBase III -- program files
'
prg: dbase !
'
'Word Perfect
'
doc: C:\WP\WP !.!
'
'Microsoft Word
'
doc: C:\WORD\WORD !.!
'
'Norton Editor to load C source files
'
c: ne + !.!
'
'Norton Editor to load Assembly source files
'
asm: ne + !.!
'
'Delete all Norton Editor backup files in the current directory
'
~??: del *.~??
'
'Delete all the *.BAK files in the current directory
'
bak: del *.bak
doc: list !.!
txt: list !.!
hlp: list !.!
mon: list !.!
wks: \ver1a\123
wk?: \ver2_0\123
xtk: !:xtalk !
dbf: !\dbase !
: type !
*: rem no run file for this extension
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'
' This is an Example Menu file. Modify it for you own needs. '
' '
' To create a blank line, hold down the key and type 255 on the '
' numeric keypad, then let go of the key and press . '
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'
F1: Microsoft Word
c:
cd \word\document
word
cd \
F2: Word Perfect
c:
cd \wp
wp
cd \
'
' The following line starts with an ASCII 255 character. This will appear
' as a blank line in the menu.
'
D: dBase III
c:
cd \dbase
dbase
cd \
L: Lotus 123
c:
cd \123
123
cd \
N: Norton Utilities
\norton\ni
P: Park Heads to shut down Computer
park
Norton Commander 4.0 is the Fastest and Easiest Way to
Manage, View, Compress and Uncompress Files
Key Features Overview:
-- File compression for the most popular formats
-- Over 50 viewers for application, graphics and compressed files
-- High-speed file and directory transfer from laptop to desktop
and vice versa
-- Send faxes, telexes and paper mail with Commander Mail
-- All file, copy, move and delete dialog boxes include
subdirectories
-- Support for 300 percent larger directories
-- Available now -- $99 SRP
05/10/1993 10:46 AM 64,328 123VIEW.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 255 4372ANSI.SET
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 255 8502ANSI.SET
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 255 ANSI2437.SET
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 255 ANSI2850.SET
03/09/1993 09:56 AM 1,487 ARCVIEW.CFG
05/07/1993 11:07 AM 87,648 ARCVIEW.EXE
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 54,805 BITMAP.EXE
04/23/1992 10:51 AM 17,939 CHIVIEW.EXE
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 38,501 CLP2DIB.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 8,073 CMPSRV.SCX
07/02/1993 03:44 PM 71 COMPUSER.SYS
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 790 DATEX.P
05/10/1993 05:11 PM 59,348 DBVIEW.EXE
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 49,957 DRAW2WMF.EXE
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 64,085 DRW2WMF.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 8,036 GENIE.SCX
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 37,925 ICO2DIB.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 52,750 INSTALL.EXE
04/13/1993 04:03 PM 83 LGAVIEW.CFG
05/13/2001 01:13 AM 38,992 LGAVIEW.EXE
11/24/2007 08:58 AM 0 manifest
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 27,269 MSP2DIB.EXE
07/20/1993 04:27 PM 2,225 NC.CFG
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 3,358 NC.EXE
12/24/1993 06:55 AM 146 NC.EXT
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 55,245 NC.HLP
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 766 NC.ICO
11/23/2007 11:07 PM 774 NC.INI
12/07/1994 11:08 AM 866 NC.MNU
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 63,264 NCEDIT.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 212,777 NCMAIN.EXE
02/19/1996 07:07 AM 5 NCTMP.TMP
12/22/1992 09:59 AM 340 NCVIEW.CFG
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 93,696 NCZIP.EXE
01/14/1993 04:43 PM 20,737 NE.COM
11/28/1990 01:00 PM 65,814 NE.EXE
06/22/1993 04:13 PM 425 NE.INI
05/27/1993 07:00 AM 200,451 NLIB100.RTL
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 39,514 PACKER.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 4,408 PACKER.SET
05/10/1993 05:11 PM 60,898 PARAVIEW.EXE
07/30/1992 01:00 AM 38,085 PCT2DIB.EXE
05/07/1991 08:42 PM 25,285 PCXVIEW.EXE
05/10/1993 05:11 PM 59,230 Q&AVIEW.EXE
05/10/1993 05:12 PM 65,022 RBVIEW.EXE
11/28/1990 01:00 PM 4,597 READ.NE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 6,919 README.TXT
05/10/1993 05:12 PM 61,576 REFVIEW.EXE
06/06/1991 06:00 AM 64,889 SFORMAT.EXE
02/27/1994 12:50 PM 1,220 STATUS.ME
07/02/1993 04:01 PM 128 TERM90.DIR
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 325,623 TERM90.EXE
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 13,343 TERM90.HLP
03/21/1994 12:53 PM 1,140 TERM90.INI
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 11,187 TERM90.RES
05/10/1993 06:52 PM 3,735 TESTMDM.SCX
01/10/1992 11:23 AM 30,413 TXTVIEW.EXE
02/27/1994 12:50 PM 50 VIEWER.BAT
05/28/1992 08:10 PM 324 WPVIEW.CFG
05/07/1993 11:07 AM 55,824 WPVIEW.EXE
01/10/1992 11:23 AM 30,053 ZIPVIEW.EXE
62 File(s) 2,237,459 bytes
Name Last modified Size
---------------------------------------------------
Parent Directory 25-Jul-2007 13:24 -
123VIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 125k
4372ANSI.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
8502ANSI.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
8632ANSI.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
8652ANSI.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
8662ANSI.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ANSI2437.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ANSI2850.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ANSI2863.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ANSI2865.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ANSI2866.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
ARC.EXE 13-Mar-1989 17:30 64k
ARCVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 80k
ARJ.EXE 28-Aug-1992 12:26 106k
AVIEW.CTL 22-Dec-1993 21:55 1k
AVIEW.DOC 31-Jan-1993 17:00 8k
AVIEW.EXE 31-Jan-1993 17:00 55k
BITMAP.EXE 21-Mar-1994 08:43 54k
BUG.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 16k
BUNGEE.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 41k
CHKLIST.MS 22-Nov-1994 20:40 1k
CLP2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 38k
CMPSRV.SCX 07-Feb-1995 04:00 8k
COMPRESS.HLP 03-May-1990 00:03 6k
CONNECT.INF 02-May-1995 11:01 1k
DATEX.P 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
DBVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 99k
DIR2DIR.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 12k
DRAW2WMF.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 49k
DRW2WMF.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 63k
EVILEYE.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 7k
FACES.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 13k
FIE_ID.DIZ 11-Apr-1995 00:30 1k
FISH.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 53k
FLIP.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 51k
GENIE.SCX 07-Feb-1995 04:00 8k
ICO2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 37k
INSTALL.EXE 01-Jan-1994 19:00 51k
LHA.EXE 20-Jul-1991 15:13 33k
LIST.COM 13-Aug-1991 13:06 24k
LOG.LOG 11-Apr-1996 15:17 0k
MCIDRIVR.EXE 26-Jan-1990 18:00 70k
MOUSE.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 37k
MSP2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 27k
NC.CFG 08-Apr-1995 12:17 1k
NC.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 4k
NC.EXT 27-Jan-1996 18:13 1k
NC.FIL 07-Feb-1995 04:00 3k
NC.HLP 07-Feb-1995 04:00 67k
NC.ICO 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
NC.MNU 08-Apr-1995 11:49 0k
NC.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 16k
NC.PIF 07-Nov-2000 09:07 1k
NCCLEAN.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 115k
NCCLEAN.INI 29-Jul-1999 10:28 3k
NCDD.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 264k
NCDD.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 4k
NCEDIT.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 189k
NCEDIT.EXT 21-Sep-1995 22:31 1k
NCEDIT.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 2k
NCFF.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 103k
NCFF.HLP 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
NCFF.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 3k
NCLABEL.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 164k
NCMAIN.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 228k
NCNET.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 181k
NCNET.INI 29-Apr-1999 13:25 1k
NCNET.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 5k
NCPSCRIP.HDR 07-Feb-1995 04:00 13k
NCSF.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 329k
NCSF.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 7k
NCSI.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 331k
NCSI.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 4k
NCVIEW.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 8k
NCZIP.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 136k
NCZIP.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
NC_EXIT.COM 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
NC_EXIT.DOC 07-Feb-1995 04:00 3k
NMAIL.EXE 11-Jun-1993 05:00 221k
NMAIL.HLP 11-Jun-1993 05:00 129k
NMAIL.ICO 11-Jun-1993 05:00 1k
NML_MCI.DRV 11-Jun-1993 05:00 47k
NML_NMD.OVL 11-Jun-1993 05:00 94k
NORTON.INI 22-Jul-1997 14:36 2k
PACKER.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 103k
PACKER.MSG 07-Feb-1995 04:00 1k
PACKER.SET 07-Feb-1995 04:00 5k
PAK.EXE 08-Oct-1990 08:51 104k
PAKINST.EXE 08-Oct-1990 08:51 17k
PARAVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 113k
PCT2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 37k
PKUNZIP.EXE 01-Feb-1993 17:04 29k
PKZIP.EXE 01-Feb-1993 17:04 41k
PLAYWAVE.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 25k
Q&AVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 97k
RBVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 119k
README.TXT 07-Feb-1995 04:00 17k
REFVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 115k
SAVER.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 154k
TERM95.DIR 02-May-1995 10:59 1k
TERM95.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 389k
TERM95.GTT 07-Feb-1995 04:00 7k
TERM95.HLP 07-Feb-1995 04:00 16k
TERM95.INI 10-May-1996 01:13 1k
TERM95.RES 07-Feb-1995 04:00 19k
TESTMDM.SCX 07-Feb-1995 04:00 3k
TIF2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 46k
TORNADO.NSS 07-Feb-1995 04:00 9k
VECTOR.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 62k
VIEWER.BAT 27-Feb-1995 17:28 1k
WHATS.NEW 07-Feb-1995 04:00 7k
WPB2DIB.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 37k
WPV2WMF.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 60k
WPVIEW.EXE 07-Feb-1995 04:00 94k
WS_FTP.LOG 06-Jun-2000 13:38 10k
ZOO.EXE 09-Jul-1991 08:53 66k
What's New in Norton Commander 5.5
-----------------------------------
* Drag & Drop
Drag & Drop support now makes it even easier to manipulate your files between
panels. You can drag as single file, or groups of files and directories.
Drag from one panel to another to copy files, or hold down the ALT key to move
files.
You can even drag files/directories to the button bar at the bottom of the
screen to invoked a file operation.
* Filters
Norton Commander 5.5 features advanced file selection techniques. File
selection is now based on Operation Filters that affect all file operations
like copy, move, synchronise, delete and compress.
Operation Filters allow the users to specify file selection based on file
name, date and time, file size and even file attributes. This advanced
selection criteria is traditionally confined to File Finder utilities,
however Norton Commander integrates this feature at the heart of
the Commander kernel making it the best all-round file manager available
today.
* Synchronise Directories
The Norton Commander makes it easy to synchronise files/directories between
two or more machines or network volumes. This feature will be particularly
useful for portable computer users that have to keep copies of Filters.
* Compressed File Viewing
Now you can view the contents of any file contained within a compressed file.
Simply open the compressed file, select the file and press the View button.
* Disk Utilities
The Norton Commander adds some useful Disk utilities to extend the
functionality of the File Manager so that common day-to-day DOS activities
can be carried out from within the Commander environment.
<> Format Diskette:
Format disks easily without worrying about how to use the DOS
format command.
<> Copy Diskette:
Create a disk image and make multiple copies of a disk. Simpler
and faster than the DOS copy command.
<> Label Diskette:
Now add a label to any DOS drive using this simple and useful
utility.
* Network Utilities
The Norton Commander now lets your perform a variety of operations across a LAN,
using a simple menu system and a familiar interface. You can send messages,
view server volume information, attach to or detach from servers, and map or
unmap drives.
The utilities are designed for Novell networks supporting Netware 3.x and
Netware 4.x.
<> Send Message:
Send Messages and review details of users or groups of Users
on the LAN.
<> Attach/Detach Server:
Attach to or Detach from a list of Servers easily with out
needing complex syntax.
<> Drive Mappings:
Map drives to servers with the click of a button.
<> Server Information:
Provides information regarding all networks on a LAN.
* File Splitter
The Norton Commander 5.5 features a file Split and Merge utility that allows
large files be broken down into small ones. Essential if you file wont fit
on one floppy disk. Split it up over a number of disks and remerge later
onto another hard disk.
* Disk Cleanup
Clean you hard disk of unwanted files created by other programs such as
readme, autosave and temporary files. Completely configurable to create your
own file sets.
* File Search
The Norton Commander File Finder has been completely rewritten and designed
to provide the following advanced and useful features.
<> Regular Expressions. You now have greater control in how you
define your search criteria when looking for files. You can
control what files are included and excluded during the search
and locate specific text patterns in files.
<> File Find Panel. You can send the results of your search
operation to a standard Commander File Panel. This is useful when
you want to perform block operations on a group of files scattered
around different directories on your hard disk.
<> Duplicate File Searching. You can now search for duplicate files on
your hard disk.
<> Multiple Search locations. You can search multiple locations for
your files. You can also use environment variables like %PATH% to
guide your file search on your disks.
<> Commander Line Support. You can launch the Norton Commander to find
essential files using command line switches. They offer the full
flexibility of the menu driven program.
What's enhanced in the Norton Commander 5.5 ?
--------------------------------------------
* File Attributes
Now you can select multiple files and directories and set the attributes of
the files using one simple step.
Useful for marking all files in a nested directory structure as read-only.
* Configuration Panel
Configuration has been moved to one location, making it easier to configure
screens, panels, screen savers, mouse and video characters.
* System Information
The Norton Commander System Information has been extended to display
information about memory arrangement, hardware configuration, and CMOS Status.
* File Printing
You can now print the contents of files to a postscript printer.
* Compression
The Norton Commander 5.5 now compresses up to 40,000 files, using a variety of
compression programs including ZIP, ARC, ARJ, PAK, LHARC and ZOO.
* Delete Command
An improved Delete command now lets you delete all files in a directory but
keeps the directory structure intact. Great for developers archiving a
development project who want to get rid of their MAP and LNK files.
* Configuration
The Configuration of Norton Commander 5.5 has been consolidated into a single, easy-to-use dialog box.
Through this one interface users can configure the screen colours, confirmation options, compression
options and printer options for all the Commander utilities.
One new feature supported in the Norton Commander 5.5 is the ability to switch
the character set into a semi-graphical one that displays check-boxes and
radio buttons as they appear in Windows.
* Terminal emulation Program
The terminal emulation program has been modified to provide support for the
newer, more modern UI of Norton Commander 5.5, with support also provided
for Keyboard macros, INT-15, and NCSI. The product now also supports data
connections at up to 115,200 bps, so users with fast modems can avail of the
speed using this product. Access to CompuServe is improved with support for
the CompuServe-B file transfer protocol.
* Copy Command
The Norton Commander Copy command has been modified
<> Copy newer files only : this can have a dramatic effect on the
overall time to copy and synchronise directories from one machine
to another. Use in conjunction with the new Synchronise directories
command and you have the ideal File Manager for mobile computer
users.
<> Check the destination disk space prior to starting a copy operation.
* Screen Savers
You can now choose from a selection of 20 text based and graphical screen
savers.
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